Entrepreneurship and Its Peculiarities

Definition of Entrepreneurship The investigations around such critical element of entrepreneurial theory like entrepreneurship have been taking place for a long period of time due to inability to give one agreed definition and introduce it to a wide range of people. Basically, entrepreneurship may be defined as a powerful catalyst of economic development and growth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Entrepreneurship and Its Peculiarities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Its ability to promote success in different spheres of life by means of competitions, innovations, and commercialisation makes the concept of entrepreneurship an important issue for consideration. Therefore, some experts admit that entrepreneurship may be discovered as a combination of innovation, growth, and strategic focus. Hisrich (2013) writes that entrepreneurship is â€Å"developing something new with value by dedicating the required time, co mmitment, and perseverance, undertaking the associated risks and rewards with the objective of achieving prosperity and wealth† (p. 7). Carland (2010) introduces entrepreneurship as â€Å"the backbone of the economy and the economic engine which is necessary to restore economic success to a nation suffering from spiralling costs and job losses† (p. 40). Considering such interpretations, entrepreneurship may be emerged as a potential growth of activities supported by innovation, strategic endeavours, and focus on what should be invented and commercialised at the same time. Myths about Entrepreneurs and Their Roles Talking about entrepreneurship, the role of the main participants of the process, entrepreneurs, cannot be omitted. An entrepreneur is a manager, who has to undertake many activities like considering innovation, making decisions, focusing an object, using different resources, promoting economic change, etc. to prove the importance of the chosen business. A good entrepreneur should have a number of qualities in order to become a true professional in the chosen sphere of business. The research tells us that people get used to think about entrepreneurs not as correct as it should really be. It is time to focus on the myths, which take place around the concept of entrepreneurship. One of the most common myths is the level of entrepreneur’s education. People say that entrepreneurs are usually the smartest and most high achieving among the rest. However, it is not actually true. As a rule, the majority of entrepreneurs have their Bachelor degrees (Malerba 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They do not find it necessary to spend much time on education but try to focus on the development of the chosen affair and rely on personal experience instead of theoretical basis. Another myth is about the way of how entrepreneurs work. It is said that entrepreneurs are born not made. Again, it is not true. It is hard to find families of entrepreneurs. As a rule, a good entrepreneur makes him/herself independently using personal interests and ideas. However, it is necessary not to confuse an individual approach for work and individualism at work. The point is that all entrepreneurs like to work in teams to achieve better results. They do not rely on their charisma. Entrepreneurship has also nothing in common with risks. Though some entrepreneurs admit that they like to put everything on risk, still, they can hardly do this because they prefer to weight all pros and cons of the chosen affair and then take a step that minimise the level of risk to zero (Burns 2011). Finally, good entrepreneurs should never be treated as undisciplined gamblers. Some people like to think that mess and rules’ breaking are the main theme in entrepreneurship. Still, there are not many entrepreneurs, who neglect discipline. In fact, d iscipline is one of the key factors of successful entrepreneurship. Psychological Traits and Behaviours of Entrepreneurs As it has been said before, entrepreneurs are not born. They are made. In fact, they are usually made of professionalism and a number of personal traits, which help to understand what should be done and how something should be analysed. Those, who believe that famous entrepreneurs like Bill Gates or Steve Jobs start working in order to become rich, will never become good entrepreneurs. The research shows that all their actions and ideas are based on their passion. It is passion that motivates ordinary managers to create something bigger; it is passion that helps to realise the most important entrepreneurial goals; it is passion that creates a fundamental basis for a future work (Hisrich 2013). Still, it is never enough to be passionate about something. The already succeeded entrepreneurs admit that self-belief plays also an important role in becoming a successful entrepreneur. Self-belief is the trait that helps entrepreneurs to understand that their ideas are right. They do not believe, they just know. Is it selfish? Yes, it is. However, it is necessary. Of course, a bit of luck is an additional factor that should go alongside with self-confidence and passion. Risk-taking attitude should be considered (Wickham 2006). It is all about the trait that is called tolerance of ambiguity. People know that a certain portion of risk exists. People understand that some challenges have to be overcome.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Entrepreneurship and Its Peculiarities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, entrepreneurs realise that their attitude to risk should be adequate – no panic, despair, nor doubts. Only belief in self, passion, and tolerance should guide to the successful final of the chosen affair. At the same time, future entrepreneurs believe in opportunit ies, which are available for them. If it is impossible to spot an opportunity, a good entrepreneur should realise how it is possible to create an opportunity. Money should not be regarded as a final stop in the development of an affair. Money should be also regarded as a measure, an opportunity to achieve something bigger. It is never necessary to stop using resources around – people, occasions, telephone calls, and even the mistakes of other people. Properly identified opportunities become good motivating factors for entrepreneurs. â€Å"Successful entrepreneurs, whatever their individual motivation – to it money, power, curiosity, or the desire for fame and recognition – try to create value and to make a contribution† (Drucker 2007, p. 31). They define a chance to get involved into entrepreneurship as an opportunity to gain control over own destiny, enjoy this life, make a difference, etc. Entrepreneurs aim at introducing innovations to people, therefor e, the role of innovation in entrepreneurship has to be evaluated as well. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Innovation performs one of the key roles in entrepreneurship. Drucker (2007) introduces innovation as â€Å"the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a different business or a different service† (p.17). Still, it is a big mistake to believe that innovation is equal to invention. Innovation does have connection to invention; but it is not enough to be an invention in order to become an innovation. Something more is needed in order to make an invention more important, more available to ordinary people, and more interesting to possible shareholders. In other words, invention should make a value for a world, and this process is called commercialisation. Therefore, innovation is a combination of invention and commercialisation. Entrepreneurship requires an idea, an invention. Still, an idea independently is cheap, this is why it needs some value, and the process of commercialisation can make an idea a profitable innovation that provides entrepreneurship with success. It is impossible to promote an idea neglecting a commercial opportunity, this is why the role of creativity in entrepreneurship turns out to be a doubtful issue. The connection between an innovation and creativity is specific indeed. Innovation as well as creativity is defined as something new for an organisation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Still, innovation may be borrowed, stole, taken, or developed. Ziegler (2011) admits that innovation is something new but not original. Creativity, in its turn, is an idea that is generated under the circumstances required for an organisation. It is a completely new idea of doing something rather than searching for an incremental change (Burns 2011). Creativity seems to be harder than innovation and more important within one particular organisation. Entrepreneurship taken more global positions and requires more confident steps even if they are small, they have to be innovating and supported by a commercial opportunity. Governmental Support of Entrepreneurial Start-Ups and High Growth Venture Governments play an important role in assisting entrepreneurs, facilitating and encouraging start-up development. At the start-up stage, government may help to set up networks, choose the most appropriate contacts, and facilitate the process of funding itself. At the high growth stage, governmen ts have all chances to assist companies with funding their own expansions. At this stage, companies are able to demonstrate their potential, opportunities, and innovations, it is high time for the government to provide a chance to earn revenues and promote further development. Governments should understand that potentially successful entrepreneurs do not find it necessary to replace or change something. As a rule, such entrepreneurs prefer to build from scratch and turn innovation into something valuable for society. Governments find it necessary to support social entrepreneurship the most as they find this type of activity crucial in discussing social problems. Social Entrepreneurship Ziegler (2011) introduces social entrepreneurship as a source of hope (p. 1) that provides people with a new chance to analyse social problems and press them within a short period of time. Promotion of social entrepreneurship requires the presence of a number of behavioural traits like confidence, the desire to make a difference, the necessity to improve something, and even the desire to gain control over something that is important for society. All these traits have been discussed in the paper. Reference List Burns, P 2011, Entrepreneurship and small business: Start-up, growth and maturity, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire. Carland, JW 2010, ‘Entrepreneurship education: Building for the future’, Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 40-59. Drucker, P 2007, Innovation and entrepreneurship, Harper Collins, New York. Hisrich, RD 2013, Managing innovation and entrepreneurship, SAGE Publications, London. Malerba, F 2010, Knowledge intensive entrepreneurship and innovation systems: Evidence from Europe, Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon. Wickham, PA 2006, Strategic entrepreneurship, Prentice Hall, London. Ziegler, R 2011, An introduction to social entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, Glos. This essay on Entrepreneurship and Its Peculiarities was written and submitted by user Nancy Lindsay to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Interpretation of Indirect Utterances

The Interpretation of Indirect Utterances The Interpretation of Indirect Utterances* Types of Indirectness- This study asserts the importance of communicative competence in learning. It discusses one aspect of communicative competence : the interpretation of indirect utterances .- Two types of indirectness are addressed here in this study :1- Pragmatic Ambivalence .2- Implicature .1- Pragmatic Ambivalence- Pragmatic Ambivalence, as Thomas ( 1995 ) argues, occurs when the intended force of an utterance, such as " Is that the phone ? ", is quite indeterminate. This is by virtue of the fact that it can be either a straightforward question or a request to the hearer to answer the phone. Thus, Pragmatic Ambivalence is used when the speaker does not " make clear precisely which range of related illocutionary values is intended. " For example an utterance like " It is cold in here ", can be used as a constative ( report about the temperature in the room ), a request to turn on the heating system, or an excuse to leave the room .Jes se Grice- Thomas ( 1988 ) distinguishes between ambiguity and ambivalence. Ambiguity is a semantic grammatical term. It is the case that one meaning is intended by the speaker. With Ambivalence, which operates at a pragmatic level, both speaker and addresser understand that more than one interpretation is possible. Coates' notion of Indetermincy refers to the same phenomenon .2- Implicature- Yule ( 1996 ) defines Implicature as an " additional conveyed meaning ". Implicatures are thus " examples of more being communicated than is said ". Green ( 1989 ) argues that " much of the value of implicature in conversation lies in its indirectness, in the fact that it allows the speaker to avoid saying exactly what she means to convey ".

MCA Museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MCA Museum - Essay Example Altmejd’s artwork is way off the normal patterns of creativity. A new dimension of innovation and creativity reflects in the work of Altmejd. Painting 2: Changing Painting by Robert Gober (MCA Denver). Robert Gober’s artwork presents changing images. There can be various approaches to the way above figure can be interpreted. On the left part of the picture, there is the image of a man’s chest with hairs along the mid-line of the chest and around the areola. On the right half of the picture, the chest appears inflamed and there is no hair growth over it. Some viewers conceive the right half as the chest of a woman, while others refer to it as a male’s chest with the condition of gynecomastia, in which the excessive fat accumulation under the areola of males makes their chest look like that of women. In some cases, gynecomastia can appear in both sides of the chest. In other cases, a man may have gynecomastia in one side of the chest, as appears in the pictu re above. However, in regular gynecomastia, breast becomes enlarged but the hair growth remains the same on both sides, unlike the picture above. Overall, the picture is unique in subject and color theme. The picture above is one of the earliest paintings of Robert Gober. The artist transforms the canvas into a capacious and multifaceted platform full of contrasting themes. Painting 3: Butterfly wings (MCA Denver).

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Economics - Essay Example In this case, the government may increase spending or reduce taxes or simultaneously adopt both measures to raise the aggregate effective demand. In this case, the government faces a budget deficit. Adopting an expansionary fiscal policy facing a situation of depressed economic activities reflected in lowered aggregate output levels and rising unemployment is the Keynesian prescription. Such policies are considered by governments during economic downturns. Contractionary Fiscal policy refers to a situation of raised taxes or lowered government spending or both in pursuit of curtailing the aggregate demand. Generally such policies are adopted to counter an inflationary situation fuelled by rising demand. Adoption of contractionary fiscal policies is considered during the upturns of the business cycles. An expansionary fiscal policy is illustrated in the diagram below using a standard IS-LM framework. As government spending rises with or without reduced taxes, the aggregate effective demand rises for all rates of interest and thus assuming sufficient unused productive capacities this implies a decline in unsold stocks leading to increased output for all rates of interest thereby leading to a rightward shift in the IS curve. As a result, the aggregate real output rises (Y1 to Y2) and so does the real rate of interest. The rise in rate of interest is caused by a rise in the government borrowings. However this rise in interest rates dampens the private inducements to invest. This is known as a crowding out effect as in essence private investments are crowded out by raised government borrowings (Mankiw, 2002). Thus, we see that while an expansionary fiscal policy may be successful in increasing the real aggregate national income and generating employment, it also leads to a decline in private investments which in turn reduce the effective demand. Thus, in the process of increasing borrowings to fund the excess spending or reducing taxes,

What characteristics and events in Chinese history prevented China Essay

What characteristics and events in Chinese history prevented China from becoming a world power before 1949 - Essay Example This paper will outline some of the main contours leading to the Chinese rise of economic superiority over the western civilization prior to the 19th century, after which it will be possible to account for the rise of the western civilization from the eastern origins. From as early as 1078, historical records indicate that china was the world’s major steel producer, thereby outweighing the British as producers of steel. Apart from this production, it is also possible to determine that China was leading in international trade, thereby possessing the largest commercial ships, which had the capacity of transporting 3,000 tons worth of goods. By 1750, it is possible to determine that China’s per capita income could probably match that of Great Britain since they had a stable economy, technological developments and high agricultural yields. From this point, the Europeans and British manufacturers were able to follow China’s lead thereby borrowing and assimilating its advanced technology mainly for the penetration of the Chinese lucrative and advanced market. The western conquest of the East was militaristic, and they justified their conquest to with its non-reciprocal economic relation with their trading countries overseas. On the other hand, China’s predominance was on the basis of reciprocal benefits with its overseas trading partners since the country’s rulers were accustomed or relied on their superiority in production, banking skills and sophisticated commercial skills (Rosenthal et al, 36). In contrast, the western nations were relying on military conquest, destruction of competitiveness, and tariff protection. Consequently, it is possible to determine that the British were not hesitant in exterminating some of the communities that were resistant to their policies. With their inability to invade the Chinese market by great economic competitiveness, the British relied on military power in their conquest, thereby leading armed

History of Chinese Revolutions

History of Chinese Revolutions The etymology of revolution is interesting and it can be defined in many ways.[1] As in a historical process, a revolution usually refers to a movement that destroyed an old regime and made a completed change in the fundamental institutions of society and/or nation. After the French Revolution of the eighteenth century, which deposed the monarchy and attempted to refashion society from top to bottom, revolution seemed to become synonymous with the radical overcoming of the past to achieve total transformation. Revolution, in the eye of many, can be viewed as just a conventional term accustomed to the expression. People may think it is not necessary to explore the rhetoric meaning of the term revolution. However, from the historical long-term observation, the effects of revolution on a country and/or society can be quite significant to their future generations. A revolution does not happen for the subjective result of a few people, but the objective situation of the past. Aristotle (b. 384 d. 322 BCE), a Greek philosopher, logician, and scientist, interpreted revolution as political change (metabolà ª).[2] He once said, Everyone agrees that justice involves treating equal persons equally, and treating unequal persons unequally, but they do not agree on the standard by which individuals are deemed to be equally (or unequally) meritorious or deserving.[3]   Pincus, after surveying theoretical literature on revolutions, focused much of his analysis on the notion that revolutions occur only when states have embarked on ambitious state modernization programs.[4] Chiang Ching-kuo, the former president of Republic of China, believed that the so-called revolution is to overthrow the old system and establish a new system. In order to overthrow the unreasonable old system, revolution is with a mission for creation. Therefore, the sacrifice of the revolutionaries is not destruction but regeneration.'[5] Two historical examples provided are the Japanese Meji Restoration of 1868 (Meji Ishin) and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 (Xinhai Revolution). The Meji Restoration of 1868 The Meiji Restoration of 1868 marked the beginning of Japanese revolutionary from feudal system to monarchy constitutional government. The reform movement was motivated by the context of Western industrialization and capitalism. It is viewed as the beginning of the Japanese modernization with the establishment of modern political system and economic implementation, the promotion of Western technology and civilized social life, and the development of education. This reform made Japan the first county in Asia to embark for industrialization and become a powerful country in the world. During the Tokugawa era (1600-1868), Japan was under the centralized feudal system in which the so-called lords served an authoritarian government in Edo for more than 200 domains. Although peoples lives under the feudal system were stable, the thoughts of modernization for the country started to grow in some leaders mind after the industrial revolution. When American Commodore Matthew C. Perry came to Japan in large warships with armament and technology to conclude a treaty, the Japanese realized that they were behind the European world.[6]   Change to further develop the country became a must; the Tokugawa Shogunate decided to open Japan to the foreigners in 1854, in compliance with demands from the Americans; as a result, the political life in Japan had irrevocably changed.[7] When the young Mutsuhito was enthroned on January 3, 1868, he claimed his power to begin the Meiji Restoration.[8] On January 3, 1868, the Emperor made a formal declaration of the restoration of his power: The Emperor of Japan announces to the sovereigns of all foreign countries and to their subjects that permission has been granted to the Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu to return the governing power in accordance with his own request. We shall henceforward exercise supreme authority in all the internal and external affairs of the country. Consequently the title of Emperor must be substituted for that of Taikun, in which the treaties have been made. Officers are being appointed by us to the conduct of foreign affairs. It is desirable that the representatives of the treaty powers recognize this announcement. -à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Mutsuhito, January 3, 1868 The word Meiji means enlightened rule and the goal was to combine modern advances with traditional eastern values.[9]   The Meiji Emperor announced in his 1868 Charter Oath that Knowledge shall be sought all over the world, and thereby the foundations of imperial rule shall be strengthened.[10]   From 1868 to 1912, the Meji Restoration was successful in its unified centralized system for forty-five years. The Meji Restoration brought Japan to a rapid rise not only in Asia but also in Europe. Through its learning from the West, Japan was successfully reformed from the feudal system and moved forward to the path of developing capitalism. The Meji government, in addition to overthrow the feudal system, it established and developed Japan to become the first modernized country based on the Europe model in Asia.[11] In social system, it abolished the disabilities, agriculture, industry, business identity system and established household registration law. In social and cultural aspects, it promoted Western culture and literature, and used regular calendar instead of lunar calendar (with exception of the year). The Government replaced the traditional Confucian hierarchical order that had persisted previously under a dominant China with one based on modernity.[12] In order for the centralized state with a strong national identity, the government established a dominant nation dialect, standard language (hyojungo) to replace the local and regional dialects that was based on the patterns of Tokyo samurai classes. This hyojungo then became the norm in the realms of education, media, government and business.[13] During the Meji Restoration Era, the government adopted the Western industrial technology, reformed the land system to allow property sales, implemented new property tax policy, and unified currency. In 1882, the Bank of Japan was opened to promote the development of industrialization. Moreover, the development of a national railway system and modern communication was also established.[14] The Chinese Revolution of 1911 The Revolution of 1911, so-called Xinhai Revolution, has its important status and role to the Chinese. It is the 1911 Revolution brought the Chinese to the rise of democracy that overthrew the Qing government and two thousand years of monarchy.[15] The revolution ended with the abdication of the six-year-old Last Emperor, Puyi, on February 12, 1912 that marked the beginning of Chinas early republican era (1912-1926),[16] It is the 1911 Revolution that made Dr. Sun Yat-sen a Chinese giant in the twentieth century and the National Father of all Chinese. In 1901, the Empress Dowager, who moved to Xian from Beijing because of the Battle of the Eight Power Allied Force, announced a reform. The late Qing government, in order to consolidate the precarious regime, still concentrated to centralize its power and strengthened the government military and political forces. A new government administration was launched and the government strategic priorities focused on the official peoples lives, imperial examinations, and military and political changes. With a reform in progression, the Qing government still stressed that the Reform Movement of 1898 was illegal. There was no strong intention to make the reform happen for the country. Moreover, the Qing government joined forces with the Western allies to suppress the Boxers. In 1904, Sun Yat-sen announced his mission to expel the Tatar barbarians, to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people (à ©Ã‚ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ©Ã… ¸Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã… “, à ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯, à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ µÃƒ §Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã…“†¹, à ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¬Ã…  ).[17] The following year, Sun Yat-sen successfully united the Revive China Society, Huaxinghui and Guangfuhui in the summer of 1905, thereby establishing the unified Tonmenghui (United League) in August 1905 in Tokyo.[18] In 1906, the imperial examination was abolished and the Qing government established new schools and encouraged students to study abroad. Many young people attended the new schools or went abroad to study in places such Japan.[19] During the time, Sun Yat-set received the overseas Chinese support that people actively participated in the funding of revolutionary activities, especially the Southeast Asia Chinese of Malaya (Singapore and Malaysia).[20] Many of these groups were reorganized by Sun, what was referred to as the father of the Chinese revolution.[21] Beginning in 1908, the revolutionaries started to shift their calls to the new armies. Sun yat-sen and other revolutionaries infiltrated the New Amy.[22] On April 27, 1911, the Guanzhu Uprising took place in Huanghuagang (à ©Ã‚ »Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¨Ã…  Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¡), known as the second Guanzhu Uprising (à ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ »Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ·Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ©) or Yellow Flower Mound Revolt (à ©Ã‚ »Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¨Ã…  Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¹). The Uprising fails and only seventy-two bodies were found; the 72 revolutionaries were remembered as matyrs.[23] Lin Juemen, one of the revolutionaries, wrote the legendary letter A Letter to My Wife (à ¨Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¸), was viewed as a masterpiece in Chinese literature.[24] On November 1, 1911, the Qing government appointed Yuan Shikai as the Primary Minister of the imperial cabinet.[25] The Revolution of 1911 failed in the ultimate sense due to the historical limitation of the Chinese social nature and peoples living conditions.   The impacts of the revolution were significantly recognized by the Chinese and the Western power. It created a profound impact on the Chinese modern world history.   First of all, the Revolution successfully destroyed the over two thousand years of monarchy.   Secondly, the Revolution was considered as a far-reaching enlightenment movement. The concept and the existence of the republic system engraved in peoples mind. Although the Revolution did not directly facilitate the development of capitalism, the establishment of republic system effected the modernization for the country.   Lastly, the Revolution of 1911 opened the door for the Chinese to interact with the world. Politically, it created a new chapter for Chinese democracy. Economically, it paved a way for Chinese industrialization. Cognitively, many highl y educated Chinese were able to overcome the confusion and frustration from the failure experience and continued to proactively move forward to fulfill their mission for Chinas true modernization. [1] According to Merriam-Webster Incorporated 2017, a sudden, radical, or complete change; a fundamental change in political organization;   activity or movement designed to effect fundamental changes in socioeconomic situation; a fundamental change in the way of thinking about or visualizing something; and/or a changeover in use or preference especially in technology Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2017. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/revolution (accessed date: March 10, 2017). [2] Miller, Fred. Aristotles Political Theory. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . 2012. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-politics/ (accessed March 11, 2017). [3] Ibid. [4] (Pincus 2009, 33) [5] (Qi 1991, 258) [6] (Lynn Hunt, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosaewein, R. Po-chia Hsia et al. 2009) [7] (Huffman 2003) The Tokugawa promised the newly arrived Westerners demanding trade, showing off new customs (including the scandalous tendency of women to accompany men to public events), practicing the forbidden Christian religion, and taking sides in Japans political dispute. [8] (Satow 1968, 353) [9] (Lynn Hunt, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosaewein, R. Po-chia Hsia et al. 2009) [10] (Kissinger 2011, 79) [11] (Shih 2011, 2) [12]   Ibid. [13] Ibid. [14] (Yamamura, Success Forgotten The Role of Meji Militarism in Japans Technological Porgress 1977) [15] (Li 2007, 13) [16] Ibid. 26-27 [17] (Qiufeng Ji, Qingbao Zhu 2001, 468) [18] Ibid. [19] (Fenby 2008, 96) [20] (Gao 2009, 156) Issue of 25 of Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Ear [21] Ibid. 29 [22] (Spence 1990, 250-256) [23] (à §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ° 2006, 195-196) [24] (Langmead 2011, 5-6) [25] (Rhoads 2000, 183)

Migraines: That Ache In Your Head Essay -- Biology Essays Research Pap

Migraines: That Ache In Your Head Have you ever had a headache? That pounding pain that would not go away, it was probably a headache, however there is another type of headache that happens to one side of the head and could also cause nausea, sensitivity to light, sound or odors. Also accompanying the migraine is a aura, which could be flashes of light, or temporally lose your vision, in any case it is a visual impairment. (1) Migraines differ from headaches because a migraine is a neurological disease. (2) Many Americans are affected by migraines, it is estimated that eleven to eighteen million people are affected, which most of them are women. Migraines are very disabling as well as having life-threatening outcomes. (2) Now you might be saying to yourself, "Well we know the symptoms of a migraine but what causes migraines?" Well the causes are unknown, since triggers, external forces that cause the migraine to occur, vary from person to person. Triggers range from stress, smells, sights, noises and even things a pe rson eats. (3) However there are many theories on what occurs within the brain to cause the pain and throbbing. One of the theories on what occurs within the brain during migraines is blood vessels increase blood flow, which makes the blood vessels expand. The expansion of the blood vessels triggers nerves within the brain and this nerve activity cause a person to feel pain as well as causes the tissue around the brain to become inflamed. (2) Another theory suggests that the brain stem becomes overly activated which causes the release of chemical messengers. The chemical messengers causes inflammation and pain in the fibers surrounding blood vessels. (4) A similar theory to the one described above sugges... ...there are preventive and management measures a person can use to help their condition. References 1)What is a Migraine Headache? http://www.aan.com/public/aaninfo/migraine.htm 2)Migraines: Myth Vs. Reality http://www.migraines.org/myth/mythreal.htm 3)Migraine Headache http://www.mckinley.uiuc.edu/health-info/dis-cond/headache/migr-hea.html 4)Migraines: Myth & Reality http://www.migraines.org/myth/mythwall.htm 5)Headache- Hope Through Research http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/headache/detail_headache.htm 6)The Pain is in the Brain http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/brynmawr_main?http_rc=400&class=session&sev=temp&type=session&cause=http%3A%2F%2Fweb3.infotrac.galegroup.com%2Fitw%2Finfomark%2F290%2F130%2F47974424w3%2Fpurl%3Drc1_EAIM_0_A59535401%26dyn%3D3!xrn_12_0_A59535401%3Fsw_aep%3Dbrynmawr_main&cont=&msg=No+Session+cookies&sserv=no

Neil Postman: Amusing Ourselves to Death

Neil Postman was a special type of a man and considered that he was not an expert on anything, and yet he was ready to express his opinion on every subject under the sun. The person's mind was continuously working at jokes, headlines and different ideas. This infected an individual when he met Mr. Postman and that could be responded to only with humor, and even that was likely to bring out more ideas. There were a lot of people who knew him – in excess of a hundred thousand or so – had first met his humor. This was also reflected in the books that he wrote. Each of these is also a source of propaganda for his views and written like an essay. The first was â€Å"The Disappearance of Childhood† in 1982, and this was on the infantile nature of American culture. The next book was in 1985 and a satire on entertainment and was named â€Å"Amusing Ourselves to Death†. The last was in 1993 called â€Å"technopoly† and this criticized the fall of culture to technology. He had an excellent intellectual pose along with poise in public meetings and all this rode on the back of his capacity for humor. He always felt that he was the civilized man in a barbaric setting. This setting gradually changed into television and was concerned with the dots, and pursued him all his life. Now let us look at what is this television and how it connects with people. In the United States it first started transmission in New York and the British play, â€Å"The Man with the Flower in His Mouth† was broadcast there in July 1930. Thus one can say that television started off in the heart of United States and the television station was located in South Eastern New York at the mouth of the Hudson River. The station began broadcasting seven days a week on July 21, 1931. This was a television channel or station that broadcast on the terrestrial mode as that was the only mode available then. The bandwidth was then highly confined and this led to a high control by the government. Yet, from the beginning television has been highly used for advertising. Organizing the TV programs that are to be broadcast can be worked out either as a direct production by the manufacturers and then selling to the station that intends to buy it. Sometimes the production itself is paid for by the TV station that will show it. (Television) In other cases the station issues a license to the producers to produce the show for the channel. The show is sometimes carried on in other centers after the show is over on the main channel. In TV terminology this is called secondary programming usage. The secondary shows may be in the original country where the show was produced or in other countries from where the channels are interested in the show. The shows may be controlled by the original producer or not depending on the agreement. Sometimes a group of TV stations run some common programs in their own interest, or through an individual. This is called syndication and the show may be sold by the producers themselves or their agents. Yet with all this it has been seen that doctors recommend that children should only see TV for an hour or two at the maximum in the day. Excess of TV viewing is known to cause various diseases like ADD, excessive weight and heart problems. These may lead to diabetes or excess aggression. Thus it is clear that viewing of Television is not recommended in a high dosage for anybody, and the problem in our country is made worse by the situation of having a number of stations at every town or city due to the possibility of multiple channels being available now. These channels can also be seen on the set through a cable and the customer only has to pay a monthly fee. This is the problem that was envisaged by Postman quite a few years ago, and possibly he foresaw the worsening of the situation due to the advent of cable TV. The problem was also made clear by the decline of the family in the country and as a result the children are being left with only one parent. Most of the time, the single parent is working and is not able to attend to the child when the child comes back from school. These let the child free with the television and see any program of their choice. (Television) Neil Postman is an authority on children and has written many books about different subjects. These are mostly concentrated on education, as he was a teacher himself. He has written on the crisis in the schools, the effect of Television on our public and political life and the nature of modern childhood and education. He has taken the position of conscientiously objecting to whatever he saw being harmful to the society. In certain cases he has pointed out institutionalized mistakes or organizational stupidity and asked for their solution. Throughout the West, there has been the concept of three stages in life – infancy, childhood and adulthood. This had gone undisturbed for 350 years, but is now being questioned by a new element in the communicational facilities – television. This is seriously disturbing as the contents of life that would be normally faced by adults are now being made open to the children through this new medium. The children do not have to go through the portals of adulthood for reaching this information. Earlier this was being protected by the adults through certain secrets that are known to adults, but not revealed to children till they reached the appropriate age. These secrets are the social, political and sexual secrets that an adult must know. At the same time Television reveals all these secrets at once, and this makes it difficult to control the socialization of the young among themselves. This is making the young less discernible from adults. Stirring Up Trouble about Technology, Language, and Education) In the past there was a time when alcoholism was seen only among adults, and not at all among children. Today it is common to see child alcoholics. The same situation exists among children for drugs and it is quite common among children. The same situation exists for sex and sexual disease and this is seen from the total crime statistics. There are a number of figures that show the young being involved in crime today while this was not the situation even in 1959 as the figures for crime by people under the age of 18 shows. Thus it is clear that television is making the concept of childhood as being different from adulthood being different extremely difficult to sustain in North America, and childhood is disappearing from that region of the world. At the same time, there some parents who are well off and if they know what is happening to the child may still provide him or her with a childhood. This requires the parents to be very careful on the influences of the media on the child, among other factors. The problem is that not many parents can meet those conditions, and the influence of television among media is still rising. As mentioned earlier, there are many single parent houses in America and their difficulties have already been discussed. Even when there are two parents, both of them are working at the same time and that stops them from being able to give enough time to the children for socializing. This transfers the socializing exercise to the television set, and many of them are unable to control the channels that the children see or what films they see, or even know what records they have. These activities require the parents to have a lot of time for the child, and advise the child. Yet not many parents find the time for that. Thus for the children to have a childhood, the parents must spend a lot of time with the child. On the other hand many parents are too busy and there children get the required education from the advertising of NBC, CBS, Steven Spielberg, Coca-Cola and Proctor and Gamble. In certain countries television is being controlled – Denmark. They have now limited the extent of commercials that an advertiser supported station can have. These stations are not permitted to have advertisements on cigarettes, liquor, beer, banks, medicine, religious organizations, political organizations, or even advertisements aimed at children. Also, in Denmark, the television operates for the full 24 hours in a day. But, it is not possible for this to happen in the United States as the Americans would feel it is very restrictive, apart from the ideology of the present day administration. The present day administration may even be called the extreme type of free market supporters. This has not started today and even Ronald Reagan was not conservative, and he was probably as oriented to the free market as is the present President Bush. They are all willing to get as much out of technology as possible in terms of gains of dollars. Thus there is no chance of any restriction being put on the hours of operation of the Television through any social policy. This attitude goes on in Americans well beyond the limits of television and is being applied by them even in the case of computer technology. The issue is not of one particular technology, but the general question of using technology for financial gain to extreme limits, or no limits. (Stirring Up Trouble about Technology, Language, and Education) It can be said that in the exploitation of technology, there are no limits in America and they generally do not have any concerns about the psychological and social effects. They are just interested in knowing what the new technology can do. They are not concerned about the effects of the new technology in changing the social or cultural behaviors of the citizens. This is reflected in Sesame Street which makes the children get more attached to television than school. The concerned program is well prepared and makes the maximum possible use of a visual image based medium. When the makers of the program say that the program will make the children like school it is only right in the sense that the children will like school if it is a show like Sesame Street. The show is probably helping the children learn the elements that are taught in school like the letters and the numbers, yet at the same time, it is also giving the children some built in impressions about school. This is teaching the children that school must be entertaining, and that images have to form the basic of learning. It also gives the children that feeling that learning is immediately rewarded by getting of rewards in some form or the other. The impressions which are built into the children turn out to be more important than the learning that they get, and that is the problem. The children learn the numbers and letters in other forms also, and that also happens within the expected time, but the normal learning process does not build in these difficulties. It is often said that these methods of education make the children more intelligent, but that is a moot question to answer as the differences in intelligence are hard to define and their benefits are also hard to judge. The question of intelligence is easy to be used, as nobody probably understands what we are trying to say, but it is much easier to understand when we say that a person is stupid. It is possible that the technology available in the computer will help the technology of printing to a large extent, and that would be a service. It also increases the thinking by the children as to program a computer the child has to think quite a lot. Yet the total effect that this would cause is rather difficult to guess. (Stirring Up Trouble about Technology, Language, and Education) Technological development has had a very big impact and much more so when the development has been on the matters of information and communication. They have great impacts in terms of socialization, ways of thinking and methods of learning. A lot of these changes have taken place in the latter part of the 20th century and this brings up the question of defining the new Child of the Information Age. Some people may be defining all the children of today as Children of the Information Generation with television, computer games and video games. This had also been the thinking of Neil Postman, and he believed that this made the child cross puberty physically but never reach maturity. Thus they loose their childhood but are then are lost to mankind. The phrase â€Å"technology development† normally refers to the development of tools and these are being developed from the time that men have started on the path to development. (Children of the Information Age: A Reversal of Roles) Until the seventeenth century, tools of a more primitive kind were being used by all civilizations. Not that all countries were using the same tools and some had only spears and cooking utensils available to them. On the other side, others had water mills, coal and horse power. At the same time, these tools were not intended to change the civilization which had brought them into existence, and they were not intended to attack. Thus the tools did not stop people from believing in their versions of god, politics, and methods of education or their methods of social organization. (Kaplan, 34) Some cultures and religions believe that television is intruding into their religion and the use of television is banned by some sections of believers in Islam in some parts of the world. In the world of today, children and adults see the same movies thanks to television and highlighted by Postman. They all get into telephone romances; get informed about the same pop music and the same computer games. These come through both the television and the computer. This results in the adults never growing up and becoming more childish as time goes on. The children become more mature as they are exposed to all matters of adulthood, or at least seem so. This adulthood is only superficial and not emotional, as the amount of information to be passed on to the child should be passed on in a controlled manner by the concerned adult, as otherwise, the concept of being a child will end. This gradually stops the clear line of demarcation between adults and children, and the sense of independence and responsibility also becomes unclear. This is highlighted by Postman who describes the present day children as living between illusion and realty. This has also made the adults loose most of their authority, and it is a world without borders. (Children of the Information Age: A Reversal of Roles) In truth these makes them totally dependent for all the time, and never grow up into adults. Yet the children of the present day differ a lot from the children of earlier years and they consist of a larger section of the people who come to the net regularly. This is quite understandable as the net is a part of their life which has never been the case with their parents. In studies it has been seen that as much as 73% of the American population between the ages of 12-17 use the Internet regularly and the study was in June 2001. These children also certainly have a care in the world for the world that they live in. One of their main contributions is through the creation of web sites for helping others. Jason Fernandez from Mumbai had built a site which supported children with learning disabilities along with their parents and teachers. This is a site for common good. The new facility of Internet has made it possible for everybody to publish his or her work. This is irrespective of age, gender, or education. The control is not with groups of people that existed in earlier generations where the work could only go out in the printed format. This change will also bring in other changes in the methods of learning, working and social structure. (Children of the Information Age: A Reversal of Roles) Postman had been concerned that the importance of all items was being reduced by television – be it politics, religion, news, athletic education or commerce. This was how we were amusing ourselves to death. It also showed that image was viewed as more important than content, and television was the master of images. (Neil Postman's amusing ourselves to Death) If Postman were to now concentrate on the newer developments he would write on the Internet. To be negative, the Internet contains a lot of false information, and this would hurt the beliefs of a normal human being. But this is also something that we learn while growing up into adults from childhood, and is not necessarily negative. (Final Project Paper: Amusing Ourselves to Death by Neil Postman) To conclude, one can thus say that while television makes the audience less responsible and childish, the Internet makes the audience more apparently mature. It is up to the audience to carry the work further, and not live for their own life, abandoning the responsibility of the children that they created.

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A Seperate Piece Essay essays I would say that Finny(Phineas) was the biggest idealist in the story. His feelings and many things on many issues, made me think of him this way. The actions that Finny take in the novel make him seem as though he is the happiest person on the planet, like for instance when he says "There is no war", this showed that he wasn't really bothered by the war which during that time period I believe it meant happiness. Finny also never lost faith in his so called friend Gene even though I think he knew in the back of his mind that Gene was against him the whole time yet also admired him at the same point. Finny was spontanious person like the first time they jumped off the tree, and when he broke the school swimming record. Even with all of this Finny couldn't seem to take it upon himself to believe certain things like, Gene breaking his leg, or there not being a war. Although after breaking his leg however Finny is faced with his own personal struggle the bitterness of being a cripple an d attempting to live in a world where sports and enlistment in the army are no longer a possibility. I think the second time Finny broke his leg he came to be one with the reality that he was in fact ruined, and that most of it was caused by Gene, and Gene's ill-will toward him, which caused him to be cripple in the first place. Yet Finny still thought to see his dreams out, only this time through Finny, he said things like Gene i'm going to start conditioning you for the olympics, and so forth and so on. Finny in all cases was the "Idealist" of the story, one of the close contenders was Leper though, yet Finny still was more idealistic. Gene(Narrator) is the most realistic in the novel, yet in a few ways he is also idealistic, but never the less still the realist of the story. His look on life is that there is a war but not a war on far away battle fields a war on the homefront, with being competitive ...

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